有的人能从数字里看到颜色？！？
今天，突然听说一种“超能力”，有的人能从数字里看到颜色？！？我震惊了！希望我不是最后一个知道的。
这种“超能力”叫联觉（Synesthesia），我们今天就来看看到底什么是联觉。
无注释原文：
What Is Synesthesia?
LiveScience
Synesthesia is a neurological condition that causes the brain to process data in the form of several senses at once. For example, a person with synesthesia may hear sounds while also seeing them as colorful swirls. The condition isn't fully understood, but it is thought to be genetic, and it affects more women than men.
Synesthesia is uncommon, occurring in only about 1 in 2,000 people, according to the American Psychological Association (APA). The condition is more prevalent in artists, writers and musicians; about 20 to 25 percent of people of these professions have the condition, according to Psychology Today. Examples of famous artists with synesthesia include pop singer Lorde, violinist Kaitlyn Hova, and painters Wassily Kandinsky and David Hockney. Writer Vladimir Nabokov, composer Olivier Messiaen and physicist Richard Feynman also may have had synesthesia, according to the APA.
Types
The word "synesthesia" comes from the Greek phrase for "to perceive together. " According to Psychology Today, over 60 types of synesthesia have been reported. Most people with the condition experience at least two types of synesthesia. The most common type is grapheme-color synesthesia. It is a form of synesthesia in which an individual's perception of numerals and letters is associated with the experience of colors.
Some other types of synesthesia include the following:
· Smelling certain scents when hearing certain sounds.
· Seeing music as colors in the air (music-color synesthesia).
· Tasting words (lexical-gustatory synesthesia).
· Feeling that certain textures cause certain emotions (tactile-emotion synesthesia).
· Feeling that time has a physical characteristic (time-space synesthesia).
· Seeing a certain color when feeling pain.
· Seeing sign language as colors.
Some people experience a phenomenon called "conceptual synesthesia," in which they see abstract concepts, such as units of time or mathematical operations, as shapes projected either internally or into the space around them, according to the APA.
Diagnosis
There is no official method of diagnosing synesthesia. There are, however, guidelines that were developed by leading synesthesia researcher Dr. Richard Cytowic.
People with synesthesia typically do the following:
· Involuntarily experience their perceptions.
· Project sensations outside the mind, such as seeing colors floating through the air when they hear sounds.
· Have a perception that is the same each time.
· Have a perception that is generic, such as seeing a shape in response to a certain smell, but not seeing something more complex.
· Remember the secondary synesthetic perception better than the primary perception.
· Have emotional reactions such as pleasurable feelings linked to their perceptions.
Causes
Synesthesia was first studied in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but research on the condition fell by the wayside until the 1970s. Since then, many neuroscientists have studied the condition, and they've proposed several competing theories about its causes, according to an article in the APA's Monitor on Psychology.
For example, research by Simon Baron-Cohen, who studies synesthesia at the University of Cambridge, has suggested that synesthesia results from an overabundance of neural connections. Usually, each of the senses is assigned to separate modules in the brain, with limited cross-communication. In the brains of people with synesthesia, the walls are broken down, and there is more communication among the modules, Baron-Cohen has proposed.
However, Peter Grossenbacher, a psychologist at Naropa University in Colorado, thinks that rather than rearranging the architecture of the brain, synesthesia happens when single-sense areas of the brain get feedback from multisensory areas. Ordinarily, information from multisensory areas returns only to the appropriate single-sense area. In people with synesthesia, the information get jumbled, Grossenbacher has said.
Another theory — proposed by Daphne Maurer, a psychologist at McMaster University in Ontario — is that everyone has these connections, but not everyone uses them. Those who use the connections are the ones who experience synesthesia, Maurer has suggested.
- ◆ -
含注释全文：
What Is Synesthesia?
LiveScience
Synesthesia is a neurological condition that causes the brain to process data in the form of several senses at once. For example, a person with synesthesia may hear sounds while also seeing them as colorful swirls. The condition isn't fully understood, but it is thought to be genetic, and it affects more women than men.
synesthesia
synesthesia /,sɪnis'θizɪr/ 表示“联觉”，英文解释为“a sensation experienced in a part of the body other than the part stimulated”，等于等于synaesthesia.
📺美剧《犯罪心理》（Criminal minds）第八季中的台词就提到了：I think Carl has the form of synesthesia in which he can literally see the words that people are speaking. 我认为卡尔有联觉症，当人们在说话时 他能看见那些文字。
neurological
表示“神经系统的；神经（病）学的”，英文解释为“Neurological means related to the nervous system.”
🎬电影《奇异博士》（Doctor Strange）中的台词提到：I'm talking tonight at a neurological society dinner. 我要在今晚神经学学会晚宴上演讲。
condition
除了大家熟知的“状态；状况”，它还可以指“健康状况”，“疾病 ”，英文解释为“an illness or a medical problem that you have for a long time because it is not possible to cure it”如：a medical condition 疾病，举个🌰：
Doctors suspect he may have a heart condition.
医生怀疑他可能有心脏病。
🎬电影《实习生》（The Intern）中的台词提到：And on top of that, she has a minor heart condition. 除此之外 她有轻微的心脏病。
swirl /swɜːl/
作名词，表示“打旋；旋动；旋涡”，英文解释为“the movement of sth that twists and turns in different directions and at different speeds”。
genetic
表示“遗传的”，英文解释为“You use genetic to describe something that is concerned with genetics or with genes.”如：genetic factors 遗传因素。
Synesthesia is uncommon, occurring in only about 1 in 2,000 people, according to the American Psychological Association (APA). The condition is more prevalent in artists, writers and musicians; about 20 to 25 percent of people of these professions have the condition, according to Psychology Today. Examples of famous artists with synesthesia include pop singer Lorde, violinist Kaitlyn Hova, and painters Wassily Kandinsky and David Hockney. Writer Vladimir Nabokov, composer Olivier Messiaen and physicist Richard Feynman also may have had synesthesia, according to the APA.
prevalent
表示“盛行的；普遍存在的”，英文解释为“A condition, practice, or belief that is prevalent is common.”举个🌰：
This condition is more prevalent in women than in men.
这种情况在女性中比在男性中更为普遍。
🎬电影《感谢你抽烟》（Thank you for smoking）中的台词提到：The health issue's way too prevalent. 健康问题太普遍了。
composer
表示“（尤指古典音乐的）创作者；作曲者；作曲家”，英文解释为“a person who writes music, especially classical music”。
⊙ Types
The word "synesthesia" comes from the Greek phrase for "to perceive together." According to Psychology Today, over 60 types of synesthesia have been reported. Most people with the condition experience at least two types of synesthesia. The most common type is grapheme-color synesthesia. It is a form of synesthesia in which an individual's perception of numerals and letters is associated with the experience of colors.
grapheme
grapheme /ˈɡræfiːm/ 表示“字素；字母”，英文解释为“the smallest unit in a system of writing a language that can express a difference in sound or meaning”；
补充：
📍phoneme /ˈfəʊniːm/ 表示“音位，音素”，英文解释为“one of the smallest units of speech that make one word different from another word”。
perception
表示“知觉；感知”，英文解释为“the way you notice things, especially with the senses”如：visual perception 视觉；注意对比下文出现的sensation.
🎬电影《失落的大陆》（Land of the Lost）中的台词提到：he has terrible depth perception 他的深度感知力很差。
Some other types of synesthesia include the following:
· Smelling certain scents when hearing certain sounds.
· Seeing music as colors in the air (music-color synesthesia).
· Tasting words (lexical-gustatory synesthesia).
lexical
表示“词汇的”，英文解释为“Lexical means relating to the words of a language.”如：lexical items (= words and phrases) 词项。
gustatory
gustatory /'gʌstə,tori/ 表示“味觉的；品尝的”，英文解释为“connected with taste”如：gustatory pleasures 味觉享受。
· Feeling that certain textures cause certain emotions (tactile-emotion synesthesia).
· Feeling that time has a physical characteristic (time-space synesthesia).
· Seeing a certain color when feeling pain.
· Seeing sign language as colors.
Some people experience a phenomenon called "conceptual synesthesia," in which they see abstract concepts, such as units of time or mathematical operations, as shapes projected either internally or into the space around them, according to the APA.
texture
表示“质地；质感；手感”，英文解释为“the quality of something that can be decided by touch; the degree to which something is rough or smooth, or soft or hard”如：a smooth/rough/coarse texture 光滑/不平/粗糙的质地。
tactile
tactile /ˈtæktaɪl/ 表示“触觉的；有触觉的；能触知的”，英文解释为“connected with the sense of touch; using your sense of touch”，如：tactile stimuli 触觉刺激，visual and tactile communication 视觉和触觉交流。
sign language
手语；手势语；符号语言
mathematical operation
数学运算
⊙ Diagnosis
There is no official method of diagnosing synesthesia. There are, however, guidelines that were developed by leading synesthesia researcher Dr. Richard Cytowic.
People with synesthesia typically do the following:
· Involuntarily experience their perceptions.
· Project sensations outside the mind, such as seeing colors floating through the air when they hear sounds.
· Have a perception that is the same each time.
· Have a perception that is generic, such as seeing a shape in response to a certain smell, but not seeing something more complex.
· Remember the secondary synesthetic perception better than the primary perception.
· Have emotional reactions such as pleasurable feelings linked to their perceptions.
project
作动词，表示“展现；表现；确立”，英文解释为“to present sb/sth/yourself to other people in a particular way, especially one that gives a good impression”举个🌰：
She projects an air of self-confidence.
她表现出自信的神态。
sensation
1）可数名词，表示“感觉；知觉”，英文解释为“a feeling that you get when sth affects your body”，如：a tingling/burning sensation 刺痛/烧灼的感觉。
2）不可数名词，表示“感觉能力；知觉能力”，英文解释为“the ability to feel through your sense of touch”，举个🌰：
She seemed to have lost all sensation in her arms.
她的两条胳膊好像完全失去知觉了。
🎬电影《困在爱中》（Stuck in Love）中的台词提到：I was overcome by the oddest sensation. 我像是被一种怪异的冲动（感觉）驱使着。
⊙ Causes
Synesthesia was first studied in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but research on the condition fell by the wayside until the 1970s. Since then, many neuroscientists have studied the condition, and they've proposed several competing theories about its causes, according to an article in the APA's Monitor on Psychology.
fall by the wayside
表示“（某人）半途而废，没能完成；（某物）被搁置，停止使用”，英文解释为“If someone falls by the wayside, they fail to finish an activity, and if something falls by the wayside, people stop doing it, making it, or using it.”举个🌰：
So why does one company survive a recession while its competitors fall by the wayside?
为什么有些公司能在萧条中生存，而其竞争者却纷纷落马呢？
🎬电影《寻找伴郎》（I Love You, Man）中的台词提到：He put all his focus and energy into his relationships, and all his dude friends just fell by the wayside. 他的心思都花在谈恋爱了 他的男性朋友早被撇到一边了。
For example, research by Simon Baron-Cohen, who studies synesthesia at the University of Cambridge, has suggested that synesthesia results from an overabundance of neural connections. Usually, each of the senses is assigned to separate modules in the brain, with limited cross-communication. In the brains of people with synesthesia, the walls are broken down, and there is more communication among the modules, Baron-Cohen has proposed.
overabundance
表示“过量”，英文解释为“a supply or amount that is greater than required”如：an overabundance of milk 过量的牛奶。
🎬电影《复仇者联盟》（The Avengers）中的台词提到：Did you feel an overabundance of control? 你那时觉得能完全掌控局面吗？
🎬电影《爱情、婚礼和婚姻》（Love, Wedding, Marriage）中的台词提到：giving them an overabundance of sunshine 给予它们过量的光照
However, Peter Grossenbacher, a psychologist at Naropa University in Colorado, thinks that rather than rearranging the architecture of the brain, synesthesia happens when single-sense areas of the brain get feedback from multisensory areas. Ordinarily, information from multisensory areas returns only to the appropriate single-sense area. In people with synesthesia, the information get jumbled, Grossenbacher has said.
jumble
jumble /ˈdʒʌmbəl/作动词，表示“使杂乱；使混乱”，英文解释为“to mix things together untidily”举个🌰：
Her clothes were all jumbled up/together in the suitcase.
她的衣服都胡乱扔在手提箱里。
🎬电影《记忆重现》（Rememory）中的台词提到：there is the risk that memories can be corrupted, altered, and jumbled. 记忆有可能被破坏、改变和打乱。
Another theory — proposed by Daphne Maurer, a psychologist at McMaster University in Ontario — is that everyone has these connections, but not everyone uses them. Those who use the connections are the ones who experience synesthesia, Maurer has suggested.
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